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The Urarina are an indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon Basin (Loreto) who inhabit the Chambira, Urituyacu, and Corrientes Rivers.〔Dean, Bartholomew 2009 ''Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia'', Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5 ()〕 According to both archaeological and historical sources, they have resided in the Chambira Basin of contemporary northeastern Peru for centuries.〔 Myers, Thomas P. and Bartholomew Dean “Cerámica prehispánica del río Chambira, Loreto.” ''Amazonía peruana'', 1999 Lima, Published by the Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicacíon Práctica. 13(26):255-288〕 The Urarina refer to themselves as ''Kachá'' (lit. "person"), while ethnologists know them by the ethnonym Urarina. The local vernacular term for the Urarina is ''Shimaku'',〔 Spanish wiki entry for Shimaku〕 which is considered by the Urarina to be pejorative, as it is a Quechua term meaning "unreliable". The ethnonym "Urarina" may be from Quechua--''uray'' meaning below, and ''rina'' referring to ''runa'', or ''people''. Urarina is rendered in Quechua as ''uray-runa'' or ''people from below'' or ''down stream people''.〔For more information, see Paz Soldan 1877:964; Espinoza Galarza 1979:305). Native inhabitants of the Chambira Basin have also been called various names, including: Itukales; Ytucalis, Singacuchuscas; Cingacuchuscas; Aracuies; Aracuyes; Chimacus; and Chambiras (Grohs 1974:53 fn. 4; Velasco 1960: 267; Jouanen 1943, II: 471-2; Figueroa 1904: 163, 177)〕 ==Society and culture== Urarina society and culture have been given little attention in the burgeoning ethnographic literature of the region, and only sporadic references in the encyclopedic genre of Peruvian Amazonia. Accounts of the Urarina peoples are limited to the data reported by Castillo,〔Castillo, 1958, 1961〕 by the German ethnologist G. Tessmann in his ''Die Indianer Nordost-Peru'',〔Tassmann, 1930, partial Spanish translation 1987〕 and to the observations of missionaries and contemporary adventure seekers. The Urarina are a culturally vibrant, semi-mobile hunting and horticultural society whose population is estimated to be around 2,000.〔(Dr Knut Olawsky's photos ), (Peruecologico's Urarina factsheet )〕 Urarina settlements are composed of multiple longhouse groups, located on high ground (''restingas'') or embankments along the flood-free margins of the Chambira Basin's many rivers and streams. The embankments are bounded by low-lying territories (''tahuampa '' and ''bajiales'') that are susceptible to flooding during the annual rainy season (roughly November–May). Urarina local politics are characterized by a mercurial balance of power between demes united through affinal ties and episodic political alliances, exchange relations, and disputation. Surrounded by the Jivaroan, and the Tupi–Guarani-speaking Cocama-Cocamilla indigenous peoples of the upper Amazon, the Urarina have an elaborate animistic cosmological system.〔Dean, Bartholomew. "The Poetics of Creation: Urarina Cosmology and Historical Consciousness." ''Latin American Indian Literatures Journal'' 1994 10:22-45〕 It is based on ayahuasca shamanism, which is based in part on the profoundly ritualized consumption of ''Brugmansia suaveolens''. The Urarina customarily practice brideservice,〔Dean, Bartholomew. "Forbidden fruit: Infidelity, affinity and brideservice among the Urarina of Peruvian Amazonia," ''Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute'' March 1995, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p87, 24p〕〔(Hirschfeld Archive for Sexology ), citing Dean 1995〕 uxorilocal patterns of post-nuptial residence, and sororal polygyny. While men are esteemed for their hunting prowess and shamanic skills, Urarina women are likewise recognized for their craftsmanship: the women are consummate producers of woven palm-fiber bast mats, hammocks, and net-bags.〔Dean, Bartholomew. "Multiple Regimes of Value: Unequal Exchange and the Circulation of Urarina Palm-Fiber Wealth," ''Museum Anthropology'' February 1994, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 3-20 available online ((paid subscription) )〕〔"Múltiples regímenes de valor: intercambio desigual y la circulación de bienes intercambiables de fibra de palmera entre los Urarina," ''Amazonía peruana'', Special edition: "Identidad y cultura", Lima, Published by the Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicacíon Práctica. 1995, p. 75-118〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urarina people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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